Causes
It is unclear what causes colon cancer. Cancer occurs when cells change the structure of the colon. Normal cells grow and divide in an orderly manner, ensuring a normal function. But sometimes this growth gets out of control so that cells divide excessively, in a continuous way. After a period of latency, such cellular aggregates will form continuously growing tumors that can affect different sized portions of the lining of the colon or rectum.
1. Precancerous changes in the colon
Colon cancer often begins in the form of clusters of precancerous cells, called polyps. They are located on the mucosa lining the large intestine and have a shape similar to that of a mushroom. Rarely, can be flat or precancerous changes in grosmiea subdenivelate intestine, in which case it is called ?nonpolipoide injuries. They are more difficult to detect. Removal of polyps and non-polypoid lesions can prevent colon cancer development.
2. Inherited genetic mutations that increase the risk of colon cancer
Genetic mutations that increase the risk of developing colon cancer is inherited, but this happens only in few cases. Transmissible genetic mutations does not mean that a person will inevitably develop colon cancer, but the risk is higher.
3. Familial adenomatous polyposis
It is a rare disease which causes thousands of polyps on the lining of the large intestine and rectum. People with familial adenomatous polyposis have an increased risk of developing colon cancer before the age of 40 years.
4. Nonpolipozic hereditary colorectal cancer
Also called Lynch syndrome, increases the risk of colon cancer before the age of 50 years. Both familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary colorectal cancer nonpolipozic can be detected by genetic testing. If there are cases of colon cancer in the family is shown to ask the doctor to perform these tests.
Risk Factors
Factors that predispose to colon cancer:
- Age. 90% of people diagnosed with colon cancer are over 50 years. Colon cancer can occur in young people, but these cases are rare;
- Black race. Afro-Americans have a higher risk of developing colon cancer than others;
- Personal history of colorectal cancer or polyps colony. People who have had colon polyps or colon cancer have a higher risk of developing disease;
- Inflammatory bowel diseases. Crohn?s disease and ulcerative colitis intestine favors the development of cancer;
- Precancerous genetic syndromes. Such disorders are familial polyposis and Lynch syndrome (hereditary colon cancer nonpolipozic)
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- Family history of colorectal cancer or polyps colony. Having a relative who suffered from cancer augment colorectal cancer risk. The more relatives are affected the higher the risk is higher. Familial aggregation of cases may be the result of exposure to various carcinogens in the environment or the result of adopting an unhealthy lifestyle habits or certain foods;
- Diet rich in fiber and low in fat. Colon cancer and rectal cancer may be associated with low-fiber diet rich in fat and calories. Consumption of red meat and processed meat predispose to colon cancer;
- Sedentary. Lifestyle physical inactivity may promote colon cancer, while regular exercise is the reverse effect;
- Diabetes. People who suffer from insulin-resistant diabetes may have a higher risk of developing colon cancer;
- Obesity. Obese people may have an increased risk of colon cancer and colon cancer mortality compared with normal-weight people;
- Smoking. Smoking increases the risk of cancer of the rectum and colon;
- Alcohol. Regular consumption of alcohol predisposes to colorectal cancer;
- Radiation. Radiation therapy directed at other fome abdominal cavity to treat cancer may increase the risk of developing colon cancer.
Treatment
The type of treatment depends mainly on the stage of disease. The most important therapeutic methods: inverventia surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Surgical treatment in the early stages of colon cancer
In small cancers or polyps at an early stage of elimination can be made using colonoscopy. If pathologic states that the tumor has invaded the polyp and its base, then there is a greater chance that the entire cancer has been completely removed. Other large polyps can be removed by laparoscopic surgery, operation performed by only a few small incisions in the abdominal cavity, incision through which the video camera and instruments are introduced neceare surgery. The images are projected onto a screen. Lymph node biopsies may be collected and around the affected area.
Surgical treatment of invasive colon cancer
If the tumor has grown through the colon wall, the surgeon may recommend colectomy to remove the affected portion of the total, by healthy tissue. The rise and nearby lymph nodes to be analyzed later.
The surgeon may meet the two remaining portions, but when this is not possible, make a temporary colostomy (anus against nature). An incision is made to create a hole in the abdominal wall skin which brings to a terminal portion of the colon, in order to achieve digestive evacuation in a special bag during the following days, Ziel after surgery are crucial for healing. Later anatomical continuity of the colon to recover, but others may be permanent colostomy.
Surgical treatment of colon cancer found in advanced stages
If the tumor is in an advanced stage and / or mood can be altered to target inverveni palliative surgery to decompress the colon and to relieve symptoms.
If there is only the liver metastases, in small numbers, the surgeon may perform surgery and required their removal from the liver. It then intervenes by chemotherapy in many cases this can also be used before surgery. This combination of therapeutic means aimed at increasing the chances of survival.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill certain cancer cells, may be administered to destroy the remaining cells after surgery, to control tumor growth or to minimize the symptoms of cancer. Your doctor may recommend chemotherapy when the cancer has spread outside the bowel wall or lymph nodes. In people with rectal cancer chemotherapy associated with radiotherapy.
Radiotherapy
Radiation therapy uses X-ray sources of energy to kill cancer cells that remain after surgery or to improve colorectal cancer events.
Radiotherapy is rarely used in its early stages, it is used in the early stages of colorectal cancer in the digestive tract and reached punctured lymph nodes. Radiation may be used after surgery and reduce the risk of cancer recurrence in the area which was initially interested.
Targeted biological therapy
Actioneza existing drugs on specific defects in cancer cells destroying them, is for those with advanced disease, and can be administered together with chemotherapy or alone. Such drugs are bevacizumab (Avastin), cetuximab (Erbitux) and panitumumab (Vectibix).
Some people are helped by these new drugs, while in other cases not getting the desired results. They are now trying to establish patient profile, to which one or another of these drugs could have the best results. Until then, physicians carefully weigh the risk / benefit and not in the least and the cost / benefit, because the biological therapy is extremely expensive.
Source: http://www.superbguru.com/disease-illness/colon-cancer/all-about-colon-cancer/
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